Evaluating Compensation Strategies Essay

Within this business report, I have analyzed three different employee compensation strategies that I feel could be well executed within our organization. Employee compensation is key to recognizing and rewarding our employees for their performance and contributions to the overall company’s success. Because it is a signficiant factor, we need to carefully evaluate the three options in my report. Compensating our employees using the base salary approach is a well accepted strategy. This approach provides for a set salary that employees will earn based on their job coding. Factors such as merit or tenure will have no impact on someone’s base salary. This is a stable compensation strategy leveraged within similar organizations and an approach most employees feel comfortable with as it’s very cut and dry. The downside of using this approach is that there is little room for growth and salary increases and which can be de-motivating. Performance-based compensation is quite a popular and also another well accepted strategy. In this strategy, employees have direct control over how much they are paid. Having control really helps to motivate employees to work harder and achieve new financial goals and maximize their own income. Having an organization that is a high performing organization helps to make an organization more competitive. The downside of this approach is that you create a more competitive environment that may impact employee-to-employee relations. Lastly, I reviewed a longevity-based salary strategy. In this strategy, compensation is strictly based on an employee’s length of service, seniority or tenure. There are different ways this pay can be administered. Employees can get an annual bonuses based on their employment anniversary date or monthly bonus amounts added to their take-home pay that would reflect their length of service. This type of strategy encourages employees to remain loyal employees in an organization. The immediate downside to this approach is that employees aren’t motivated to achieve more or produce increased quality work since it’s more about time put in vs. quality. After reviewing the three strategies outlined above, I am recommending that we move forward and implement a performance-based compensation strategy for our employees. This strategy will create a workforce of highly motivated, performers that are excited and engaged to succeed. Employees will be excited to ramp up their income and their excitement and achievements will help support the company’s goal of increased profit. If our company has highly driven employees focused on producing quality work, the company will benefit in the short term and long term. Introduction The Human Resources department was asked to research possible compensation strategies for our manufacturing organization. I’ve created a report that shares my research and findings for three different compensation strategies: Performance-Based Compensation, Salary Compensation and Longevity Compensation. In my report, I have compared these strategies, pointing out where they are different including the pros and cons to each strategy in order to determine the best approach for the 120 total employees on our payroll. Compensation is a key factor that impacts employee satisfaction while also having a direct influence on how successful the overall organization can be. I’ve conducted thorough research on this topic so that the management team can have a more robust understanding of these three strategies and to decide on a strategy to implement. My research below will start with salary compensation which can easily be defined as a set monetary amount that an employee receives for the work that they do based on their specific job classification/coding only. I’ll follow that with performance-based compensation which pays and rewards employees based on their individual performance which allows for individual growth. Lastly I’ll provide research on longevity pay which focuses on additional pay or wage adjustments based solely on an employee’s length of service. It is crucial to understand each of these strategies and how they will impact our organization if they were to be implemented. Research Findings I’ve completed extensive research on various compensation strategies within similar types of organizations and have arrived at three specific strategies that our organization should consider adopting:  ·Salary Compensation  ·Performance-Based Compensation  ·Longevity-Based Compensation 1.Salary General salary compensation refers to an amount of money that you pay an employee for the work they do without consideration for quantity or quality of the work performed (Entrepreneur Media, Inc., 2013). By law, employers must compensate employees for work that is completed. If an employee is compensated by a salary, employees are compensated differently from those that may have an hourly compensation rate. Employees that are hourly employees get paid based on a rate multiplied by the number of hours that they work. When they work over and above the amount of hours for the day/week, they receive extra, additional compensation (Grace, 2012). In contrast, a salary compensated employee gets paid the same salary, a fixed amount of money and is not impacted by the amount of hours an employee works. Salaried employees are not required to keep track of the hours they are working because they do not quality for nor are they paid for any overtime. They are expected to complete their work regardless of the amount of time it takes them. Employees who are paid a salary are given the expectations that they need to complete the entire job in order to earn their compensation. This compensation differs from both hourly paid employees or performance-based paid employees. Employees are able to really count on this compensation and a consistent pay strategy is important to retaining good employees (Ojimba, 2004). Analysis – Employees that are compensated through a salaried compensation strategy have a very stable compensation to rely on. There are no real surprises or swings in the amount of money an employee receives. Compensation is not impacted by the quality of the work produced or the quantity produced. Employees would have the opportunity to budget themselves or at least have a decent time predicting what type of income they can expect since it will always be the same without much changing from year to year. This strategy may allow for employees to develop the impression and mindset that they don’t have to do more or produce increased quality work. They could take away that what they are doing today is enough and not strive to help the company with increase sales or various other goals. 2.Performance-based A performance-based strategy is become a trend in today’s organizations and leveraged as a way to incent employees to strive to increase their production or improve the quality of their work. Why would an employee want to do that? Because they are financially incented to do so! All companies need to remain competitive and control internal costs and budgets. Performance-based compensation really partners with an organization to do just that. This type of strategy is really attractive because they are friendlier to corporate budgets than other methods of compensation. Pay increase are only given out at designated times during the year so budgeting in advance is easier, etc. If production and quality goals aren’t met, money goes back into the budget for the next possible review period (Fox Lawson & Associates, n.d.). Additionally, strategy helps to provide a win-win situation for both the company and the employees when properly administered and rolled out and the structure really can help to motivate employees to work harder and that benefits them and the company both. When developing this type of strategy, reasonable goals and performance incentives would need to be developed. In today’s environment it would be wise to tie pay to performance as a way to accelerate employee output. This approach is a very common way for organizations to increase productivity and influence potentially a more competitive environment with employees always striving to do more and therefore earn more. Performance-based compensation programs also help retain top performers, better align labor costs with productivity and reinforce the company’s objectives (Richter, 2002). You attract a different level of employee with this approach. For employees to be successful and feel happy in this type of structure though they need to have a desire for more pay, have confidence they will receive more pay if they improve or increase their individual performance and trust that the organization will administer the policy and compensation plan fairly across the board. Studies have consistently shown the recognition for a job well done is the top motivator of employee performance (Dorf, 2011). Analysis – Though research it is clear that this type of approach includes many benefits both to the employee and to the organization. Creating a more motivated workforce that is focused on a goal to provide quality production benefits everyone. If our employees can see that their performance directly impacts their personal bottom line they will become more focused, work harder and constantly push their peers to meet them at that level. Job security has to be considered here too – a company with this type of approach is more streamlined and efficient creating a more competitive organization and helping to protect and preserve the company and its reputation. 3.Longevity-based Longevity-based compensation is a compensation strategy that more mirrors a type of contract where the employer will pay the employee a compensation based on their length of service or seniority. In researching this approach, many companies offer many different types of strategy around this. Each organization up front provides a document or â€Å"contract† to the employee that outlines this system specific to their organization. These types of documents include things like the dollar amount to be paid or the percentage of increase based on years of service. Information is also included on the schedule of payment so that employees really know what to expect. Employees see this type of strategy as a way of paying for their loyalty as an employee – a way of giving them their due for sticking with them (wiseGEEK, n.d.). Typically with this approach the adjustment made is often in the form of a percentage of the employee’s annual salary or rate of pay. Based on why the amount is given it becomes clear that an employer is recognizing their time and loyalty to the overall organization. The real problem with this specific approach is that you essentially are awarding someone just for being on staff or holding down their position for yet another year (Agency Management Roundtable, 2012). Analysis – I think this type of compensation program may have made sense for employees that may be â€Å"Baby Boomers† as loyalty was crucial and something employees really set out to demonstrate, but not something that is realistic in today’s environment. While rewarding employees for their â€Å" time served† there is no real focus on the quality of their work during that time nor is there any reward for their contributions or added value.

Almost One of the Gods. “The Odyssey”, by Homer Essay

An epic hero is one who does not act irrationally and contemplates his actions and their implications. Odysseus, of Homer’s The Odyssey, is an appropriate epic hero because he embodies the values of bravery, intelligence, astuteness, and competency. Numerous examples are found throughout The Odyssey. Such illustrations include Odysseus’ conflict with the Cyclops, the Sirens, and Scylla and Charybdis. First, Odysseus proves that he is a mortal laudable of being dubbed an epic hero during his conflict with the Cyclops. Odysseus shows evidence of his intellectual abilities by first devising a plan to disable the Cyclops and then by cleverly telling the Cyclops that his name is â€Å"Noman.† Odysseus exemplifies his physical strength by putting his plan into action and ramming a monstrous spear into the Cyclops’ eye. Later, when the Cyclops calls for help, he says that Noman is doing harm to him. Another event in which Odysseus displays his physical and intellectual abilities is during his passing of the Sirens. Odysseus shows that he has wisdom by listening to the goddess Circe’s advice and putting wax into his crew’s ears so they will not take notice of the Sirens and try to swim across the ocean to them. He also has his crew lash him to the mast so he can listen to the Sirens without being able to jump out of the boat. This incident also tells of Odysseus’ physical force because when he attempts to free himself from the mast the crewmen have to fasten him down even tighter. Finally, Odysseus confirms his great intellectual aptitudes by getting past Scylla and Charybdis. Odysseus, following Circe’s instructions, avoids Charybdis, and chooses the side of the six-headed monster, Scylla. Odysseus recognizes that the six-headed beast is too large for him to mà ªlà ©e with and rows very swiftly, successfully surpassing it. In conclusion, Odysseus is a perfect example of an epic hero. Odysseus has all of the traits of an epic hero. He has verified these qualities in many intricate situations in which he always gets out of and is always prepared for.

Analysis of Anaesthetic Nursing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Analysis of Anaesthetic Nursing - Research Paper Example Since nurses have to play a significant role in the patients’ care, tactfulness, knowledge, experience in handling an emergency situation, discretion, judgment, alertness, and empathy on their part are very important for overall efficiency in treatment to the patients. Evidence-based anesthesia nursing practice calls for placing more emphasis on literature evidence than scientific studies for enhancing the expertise in the field of anesthesia. For use of current evidence in providing care to the patients, it is essential to analyze the existing evidence in terms of definition of the problem, applications used to overcome the problems, methods adopted, reliability of the evidences used for the study, clinical trials, surveys, expert opinions or case reports and applicability of the evidences to the present case for formulating strategies and implementation by establishing standards. Evolution of Anaesthetic nursing Though Nightingale’s ideology is considered as the start ing point for modern nursing, the theoretical basis for nursing has evolved later in history. Frederic Hewitt’s textbook on Anaesthetics and their Administration in 1893 was an important milestone in training in the field of anesthesia (Scurr, 1971, p. 275). Ether and chloroform had been used as anesthetic agents for a long time as they were effective and fast. A patient â€Å"under ether, sinks into a calm and dreamless sleep† and surgery is performed successfully without suffering pain, but â€Å"the danger in breathing ether is chiefly from impeded or failing respiration† (Cheever, 1884, p. 509). However, after the advent of advanced and safer inhalation anesthetic agents, the use of ether and chloroform has been gradually stopped. Chloroform was widely used as an anesthetic agent. However, it was later found that it caused cardiac problems to the patients and abandoned also due to its toxic properties. Brandy, opium, and cocaine were used as anesthetics thro ughout the world in various countries. There is a number of derivatives such as amylocaine and procaine that are cocaine based. Regulations and standardization in different countries brought control over their manufacturing and use. Opioid compounds have been used in the treatment of pain for a long time in medical history due to its analgesic effects. Opiate-based drugs like Codeine and Hydrocodone have been used as pain killers. These drugs have addictive properties which lead to dependence on these drugs. Morphine is a widely used opiate analgesic drug and regarded as a standard analgesic. The advent of morphine which could be injected hypodermically changed the course of anaesthesiology completely. Diamorphine called a heroine used to treat severe pain can also be administered intravenously. Nitrous oxide is commonly used in dentistry as inhalation analgesia. It is considered effective and safe to provide moderate sedation. It is effective as a general anesthesia for suppressing all sensations. It should be cautiously used in some cases like schizophrenia or pregnancy. â€Å"Nitrous oxide (N2O) has been used for about 150 years in clinical anesthesia.  Ã‚  

Mng Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mng - Essay Example Specialisation is the first criterion that is to be taken into account in the case of Bentley University. Based on its organisation structure, it shows that the tasks are subdivided into separate jobs. It is important to consider that in organisation theory, an extensive specialisation will allow employees to perform only a narrow range of tasks (Daft 16). At the top level next to the President and the executive assistant, Bentley is composed of seven operating divisions namely: business and finance, information services and operations, enrolment management, advancement, student affairs, marketing and communications and academic affairs. The university organises these divisions under the direct supervision of the President. If the office of the President will employ all the functions involved in the seven divisions, the entire university will eventually not work at its best considering the point that it has to do multi-tasking or perform a narrow range of tasks. Such situation will n ot allow any chance for the appropriate division of labour in order to optimise the capacity of the university to provide a high quality and standard service offering. In other words, specialisation is viewed to exist in the case of Bentley’s organisational structure, considering that it has subdivided the operations into seven divisions. It is however noted that the first and second divisions are under the direct control of the Vice President for Administration and Finance. Business and finance and the information services and operations are two divisions reporting directly to the VP for Administration and Finance. It makes sense that the business and finance department should be directly reporting to the office of the Vice President for Administration and Finance. It even makes sense that the information services and operations will also have to do the same. The reason is straightforward. The

Managing Organisation Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Managing Organisation Change - Essay Example In an organization equipped for complete learning, communication and structures within the company should be flexible and open - and in a way, Sanyo with Nonaka, could be said to be equipped in these aspects. The process for innovation through the changes that had been introduced, at least was steered towards a cyclical process where learning is continuous as opposed to being linear and discontinuous. 2. How did Nonaka try to revolutionize learning and change and how did this relate to incomplete learning Identify the levels of learning if any. Which typology/s of learning best describes the events in Sanyo While Nonaka introduced process and systems-related innovation to Sanyo, the changes that she tried to accomplish was only done on a horizontal plane, and did not account the vertical integration of the new vision for the company. The levels of learning were limited to environmental and behavioral directions or cues for the company. However, the leaning was in a way incomplete because the changes did not seep down to the very purpose of the company, that is specifically charting the unique role of Sanyo which has to do with the identity or mission of the company. A company needs to be rooted to its values and belief systems that it has developed over time - for example Sanyo is proud of its heritage as a maker of refrigerators and batteries as well being known in its markets for this. The learning was incomplete also by which Nonaka's team failed sufficiently to take into account the capabilities of the company or the question of how its core competencies will be aligned with the e nvironmental cues for change. Thus, some stakeholders did not fall into line in supporting Nonaka's vision for Sanyo. The typology of learning that fits within the case of Sanyo may that of the model of organizational change, by which changes are done in the structural level, but not with the culture and the strategy of the company. Learning through organizational change is quite focused through changing from without, and not from within which takes intro consideration the cultural aspects and belief system of an organization. This kind of learning by organizational change, as opposed to deeper levels of learning that comes with organizational development or transformation. 3.What has this case got to do with exploration and exploitation Explain. The case of Sanyo with Nonaka at the helm when she tried to make changes can be called to have made too much of a call for exploration and failing at decisive exploitation. Nonaka was on the right frame of mind when she took into consideration at the way the world has increasingly looked at environmentally conscious products and businesses as the wave of the future, not only because of the projected demise of oil-based fuel systems but because a value-based respect for the environment has been gaining ground with consumers. By aligning Sanyo with the new paradigm, potentially Sanyo was at the leading edge in terms of technology and with its new products. However, exploration needs to be balanced with exploitation or that which has to do with what the company's ability to improve and refine

What Is Variance Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

What Is Variance Analysis - Assignment Example But it is of prime importance that management; especially the supervisors acquire full explanations of the reasons for these variances otherwise such variance analysis would be no good for control purposes. Variances are of two types, favourable and unfavourable. The favourable variance means that the budgeted and the actual costs and revenues are the same as forecasted by the budgeting department of the company, whereas unfavourable means the opposite of it. In any manufacturing concern, the variable cost comprises of direct material, direct labour and variable production overhead cost. The responsibility of material price variance lies with the purchasing department. If the material price variance is unfavourable, then it should be an indication for the managers the prices of the raw materials have increased or the purchasing department has carelessly overstocked the inventory level during the current operational year. The adverse material price variance could also be due to change in material standard. The managers while analyzing the budgeted and actual profit should take care of the aforementioned factors. On the other hand, material usage variance usually occurs due to defective material and excessive waste of the material during the production. It has also been observed generally that material usage variance also occurs due to fault in an allocation of materials to jobs. The managers should ensure that materials of higher quality a re used during the production process and allocation of materials to all the jobs is done prudently. Another important direct cost is the direct labour cost. Labour rate variances tend to be fairly minor because usually the labour rates are agreed with the labour unions and there is a minor chance that these rates changes after the agreement is entered into. [Accountingtools.com. "What is variance  analysis? ] Labor rate variance, however, may occur because of the use of a single average rate for a department, operations, or craft, while several different rates exist for the individual workers.     

The Palestinian-Israeli Conflict Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Palestinian-Israeli Conflict - Essay Example It is within this context of competing narratives and intractable conflict that the Oslo peace process was born. Guided by the hope of arriving at a just and lasting peace, Israeli and Palestinian leaders designed, composed, and signed seven interim agreements, known as the Oslo peace process. These agreements were intended to resolve their differences on issues such as borders and security, Jerusalem, and the right of return for refugees. They were also meant to mark a time of relative tranquillity in the region, particularly as compared to the violence that has been witnessed throughout Israel- Palestine’s troubled history. Agreements were reached through various means, such as public, back-channel, official, and non-official efforts. Throughout this process, the United States was involved as a mediator, though less so during the initial stages, which included the composition and signing of the Declaration of Principles, Oslo I, and Oslo II. However, following the 1997 election into the office of the Likud party’s Benyamin Netanyahu, the U.S. became more involved through subsequent agreements, including the Hebron Agreement, the Wye River Memorandum, and the Sharm el-Sheikh Memorandum. While conceding to the fact that Oslo ultimately failed, it significantly contributed to the Israeli-Palestinian peace process. First, Oslo succeeded in transforming the conflict from a struggle over identity (which is an existential and intractable one) to a struggle over concrete and potentially tractable issues.

Ethical issues In HealthCare Informatics Applies to nursing practice Research Paper

Ethical issues In HealthCare Informatics Applies to nursing practice and Education - Research Paper Example Besides, informatics has been widely used in nursing education process. Future nurses improve their reading, writing, and communication skills through blogs writing, participation in discussions, and writing journal entries. The ethical considerations of the use of informatics in nursing and health care are above all related to data security and data quality issues. Overall, informatics has brought numerous benefits to the field of nursing and nursing education, yet more should be done to resolve ethical dilemmas. Introduction Computers have greatly altered the way we do various things. Health care is not an exception. Within the sphere of health care, informatics is widely used. This paper examines benefits the benefits of health care informatics for nursing practice and education. It also focuses on ethical considerations of the use of informatics in nursing and health care. Benefits of Health Care Informatics for Nursing Recognition of information as the leading health resource ha s led to development of health care informatics (Conrick, 2006, p.12). ... ures which would help medical staff diagnose and treat customers in a more efficient and accurate way (â€Å"The History of Health Informatics†, 2013). Historically, benefits of computers for health care were recognized early in the 20th century, practically application of computers to health care did not became possible until 1950s, when informatics took off in the States. Early computers were mostly used for office purposes as large calculating machines. It is believed that the stage for further developments of health care informatics was set by Robert Ledley, an inventor of the body CT scanner, who used informatics in his dental projects carried out in collaboration with the National Bureau of Standards. After the invention of the LISP and MUMPS languages of programming in the 1960s, computers started to be seen as a means of creation of medical databases, diagnostic systems, and other programs related to health. Throughout the 1970s the potential of informatics for improvi ng data storage and overall quality of patient care was realized (Conrick, 2006, p.12). The cost-saving benefit of using computers in financial and management areas of health care was stated. At the same time, MYCIN was developed for the purposes of helping physicians find the bacteria that caused several infections, as well as recommend medication and dosage for treatment. Besides, it aimed at treating blood clotting problems. INTERNIST-1 was developed at around that time. It was conceived as a system that could be used for supplying medical information to non-medics. The major advancement of 1980s was the development of nursing information systems. This enabled physicians to document a few aspects of records for their patients, which included vital signs, medical orders, discharge planning, and

Alternative Pain Therapy Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Alternative Pain Therapy - Research Proposal Example Dishonest conduct comprises manipulation of design and methods, and manipulation or retention of data. The research will avoid all forms of dishonesty by truthfully recording the facts obtained from the primary, secondary and tertiary sources. Problem Background and Significance â€Å"Wars have always brought about significant improvements in medicine that also affect the civilian population†.4 Some early methods of cure are now being included to the treatments and prescriptions that are being used now. The armed forces apply acupuncture as a pain management therapy in the United States as well as in Germany. The objective is to offer a complete, holistic way to pain therapy for armed forces recruits. Acupuncturists are being appointed to practice together with a group of doctors and psychotherapists. Acupuncture is part of conventional Chinese medication. Acupuncture practitioners stimulate particular points on the body - mainly by â€Å"inserting thin needles through the sk in†5, which normalizes the flow of ‘vital energy’ along pathways called â€Å"meridians†.6 This method appears to be safe and effective for chronic orthopedic pain. Recent studies have found that acupuncture offers pain relief and enhances mobility for individuals with osteoarthritis of the knee. There are smaller number side effects linked with acupuncture than with various regular medications (for instance, anti-inflammatory drugs and steroid injections) for curing painful musculoskeletal.7 Another such alternative pain therapy, adopted by armed forces is transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS). Although it does have few side effects but it is extremely useful for curing chronic orthopedic pain. Taking into consideration the increase in amputations, nerve injury and other... The author of the essay assumes that soldiers utilize these drugs to deal with pain due to injury during the combat as well as to handle the emotional suffering of war fatigue or being compelled to observe wartime killings. A comprehensive study revealed a major setback with overmedication of soldiers pulling through combat wound. Overmedication can take the shape of various drugs that cause excessive doses. The Army is taking steps to rectify the situation by utilizing an automated patient record. This research will explicate in details the possible alternatives that military soldiers suffering from pain should use in order to have a wide range of choices in their pain management. This information will be beneficial since they will know how to handle themselves better in a safe and cost effective way. Scientific honesty is also regarded as an extremely essential ethical responsibility when conducting research. Dishonest conduct comprises manipulation of design and methods, and manipulation or retention of data. The research will avoid all forms of dishonesty by truthfully recording the facts obtained from the primary, secondary and tertiary sources. Alternative therapies have been used for curing pain in the field of war from around last ten years, and will now be â€Å"extended to post-acute care†.1 The military’s plan in using these therapies as an integrative pain management may initiate its use in additional civilian hospitals because they are safe as compared to taking high dosage of drugs, and are more cost-effective.

Causes for the french revolution Essay Example for Free

Causes for the french revolution Essay There were many causes for the French Revolution, which started in 1789. However there were three main causes that affected the decision to have a revolution the most which were the weak economy, a bad harvest, and King Louis XVI and his wife Marie Antoinette. These were the main reasons that lead to the French Revolution because these events were the ones that affected France the most during 1789. The weak economy was one of the causes of the French Revolution because at that time France was in debt. France was in debt due to helping the colonist become independent from Britain in the American Revolution. For example, in The French Revolution Begins reading it states â€Å"And he borrowed heavily in order to help the American revolutionaries in their war against Great Britain, France’s chief rival. † This is one of the reasons that started the French Revolution because due to being in debt King Louis XVI’s solution was to raise the taxes on the nobles. This was surprised the 2nd estate which consist of the nobles because they paid the least taxes of the 3 estates. Due to this action the 2nd estate called a meeting called the Estates General. In these types of meetings each estate would usually only get one vote but due to the fact that it would be unfair to the 3rd estate. So for this reason every person who was at the Estates General would be granted a vote. The Estates General was to basically approve the new tax. This meeting then caused the National Assembly, which was what the third estate was now called. The third estate pledged a tennis court oath that stated that they wouldn’t leave until a new constitution was made. They drafted a new constitution, which now made France a constitutional monarchy. In conclusion, this is how being in depth was one of the reasons that started the French Revolution. Another cause for the French revolution was the bad harvest in the 1780’s. This was one of the causes for the French revolution because people could grow their food or grain, which is the ingredient to make bread. â€Å"The price of bread doubled in 1789, and many people faced starvation† (French Revolution Begins). In my opinion, I believe that this is one of the reasons to start the revolution because the people back then were poor. They were poor due to the reason that most of their money went to taxes so, if their money went to taxes and they barley had enough to pay for how much the bread used to be hoe are they expected to pay for bread when the price is doubled. I also believe that this is inequitable due to the fact that it isn’t their fault that there was bad weather I believe that the king was just trying to get money. Doubling the bread price made people not have enough money and many people died because of starvation. In conclusion, this is how a bad harvest was another one of the major causes to the French Revolution. The last main cause to the French Revolution had to do with King Louis XVI and his wife Marie Antoinette. This I believe was the main reason for the French Revolution because the king and his wife were spending money on unnecessary things. For example â€Å"†¦she spent so much money on gowns, jewels, gambling, and gifts†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (The French Revolution Begins). Based on this evidence we could see how the money was being misused and how the queen didn’t even care about the situation happening with the people. Another example showing how Antoinette was a bad queen was â€Å"One year she lost the equivalent of $1. 5 million gambling in card games† (The French Revolution Begins). This example shows us how the queen spent money and when it came to help people put they were in depth. An example of how King Louis XVI was being a bad king was â€Å"However he lacked the ability to make decisions† (The French Revolution). In my opinion I believe that this is how King Louis XVI was a cause to the French Revolution because this quote shows how he did not know what was right for the people and did not know how to deal with all of the things that were going on in France like people wanting a revolution. This was a good thing for France because they saw that the King could not make any good decisions so they saw that it was a good idea to overthrow the monarchy and become a limited monarchy. In conclusion there were many things that lead to the French Revolution but only 3 things were the main causes. The 3 main causes were the fact that the French were in depth due to the American Revolution. The fact that there was a bad harvest in the 1780’s. Lastly the fact that King Louis XVI and his wife Marie Antoinette were spending money in a useless way and that they were making bad decisions.

Ethical Issues Of Genetic Enhancement In Humans Philosophy Essay

Ethical Issues Of Genetic Enhancement In Humans Philosophy Essay While genetic engineering is not a topic that is discussed often in the public realm, genetic research and technology is moving forward at an insane pace. Genetics are now found to show massive improvement in a wide array of areas including: manufacturing and materials, energy, species restoration and management, food and agriculture industries, forestry, and pest control. The most controversial use of genetics, and the focus of this paper, is on human genetic intervention. In the case of genetic treatment used to prevent or cure genetic diseases, the procedure is appropriate and ethically moral. However, in the case of genetic enhancement and the concept of designer babies, any procedure is unethical. A line must be drawn between the definition of genetic enhancement and genetic treatment and with both cases, the invasion and risks to the mother of the child should also be considered. Efforts should be focused on social engineering to improve the behavioral aspects that are the targ et of genetic enhancement advocators. The possibilities of genetic engineering are quite limitless, which is scary if those who are able to do so begin to manipulate all aspects of nature and humanity through science. Yet there are truly some beneficial genetic techniques used not regarding human life that would and do improve many aspects of this earth. In their article Genetic Engineering Could Benefit Society, Joseph F. Coates, John B. Mahaffie, and Andy Hines discuss many of these benefits. For example, some researchers are working to develop a microorganism that would be useful in converting crop wastes into biomass energy while others are boosting plants that have higher yields and better resistance to disease and other conditions. Insects carrying diseases will likely be targeted through genetic technologies and the deadly disease malaria may ultimately be eliminated (176-177). A lot of genetic engineering studies for human use are performed on animals, but animals also serve as a target for their own genetic modification purposes. Designer animals can be enhanced in a similar way to humans for food production, recreation, and pet purposes. Livestock can be customized for increased growth, shortened gestation, and greater nutritional value. In order for animals to withstand rough environments, transgenic animals are being created, which share genes of two or more species (Coates, Mahaffie, and Hines 176). Studies should be done on the ethics of manipulating animals through genetics before further interventions are performed. Before even exploring the ethics of using genetic engineering to enhance or treat humans, current technologies and the reality of genetic modification regarding risks and success should be discussed. In her article Genetic Engineering Could be Dangerous, Susan Wright explains that the human body tends to reject anything foreign, so at this point, its not even probable genetic procedures in humans will work effectively and with little risk (188). Stephen A. Phillips discusses some current studies in his article Human Germline Genetic Enhancement and C.S. Lewiss the Abolition of Man As far as success, animals that are producing genetically modified embryos for study are producing mainly defective embryos and very few embryos survive to produce the viable genetically modified animals. This study will help with the modification of humans, but in order to prevent the birth of children with serious defects, human embryos would need to be tested before implantation and those that are defect ive would need to be destroyed. Not only does the conflict greatly with the high moral values placed on human embryos, but the subjects used would have to be followed for their entire lifetime, as well as their descendants lifetimes (Phillips 118-119). Genetic intervention at this point is focused on two possible paths. Somatic cell modifications would impact only the individual being treated while the path of germline modifications actually change the genome of an individual and their descendents (Phillips 118). Gregory Stock and John H. Campbell look in-depth at the latter path in Engineering the Human Germline: An Exploration of the Science and Ethics of Altering the Genes We Pass to Our Children. Germline modifications include injecting genes into a fertilized egg, which extends gene therapy to the germline and automatically introduces genetic changes into every cell of the body without having to intervene in each cell individually (Stock and Campbell 9). In the article, A Not-so-new Eugenics, R. Sparrow presents another technology, preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), which allows parents to discover the genetics of the embryos they have created by way of in vitro fertilization. They can then choose which embryo to implant into a womans womb and try to bring to term. PGD is currently widely used as powerful technique to prevent birth of children with severe disabilities, but this process involves choosing which people are born, instead of enhancing the traits of existing persons. (Sparrow 33). Gene-based pharmaceuticals can be used as treatments as well, which may use antisense DNA to block the body from transmitting genetic instructions for a disease process. Future therapies would allow genes to be removed, turned off, or blocked, with healthy replacement genes able to be directly inserted into fetuses or administered through injection, inhalation, retroviruses, or pills (Coates, Mahaffie, and Hines 180). Suppose that genetic modification becomes widely efficient, successful, and uncostly- if that day comes, then it is critical to draw a line between genetic enhancement and genetic treatment and ban the former, but allow the latter. While most people see the distinction between the two, it is still hard to define. An attempt at defining the difference states that genetic enhancement involves modifications that are not for the purpose of treating or preventing diseases (Phillips 119). Some issues arise in separating these definitions, however. Alcoholism, for example, can be classified as a disease, which would, following my previous suggestion, would be legal and moral to genetically treat. However, some view alcoholism as a choice, not a disease, meaning that to prevent this through modification would be an enhancement not a treatment. Examples of enhancements often used include height, musical talent, athletic ability, and honesty. Genetic intervention in humans is not all bad. When it is used to treat or prevent life-threatening or severely life-altering diseases it is ethical and practical. An estimate for the year 2025 shows almost 2,000 single gene diseases completely eliminated. Genetic predisposition diseases, such as cancer, are also estimated to be cut in half by 2025. Eliminating genetic diseases such as Alzheimers could take centuries through natural selection but only decades through genetic manipulation (Coates, Mahaffie, and Hines 175-177). Health professionals are ultimately estimated to identify, treat, and prevent 4,000 or more genetic diseases and disorders. These diagnostics include both specific diseases such as Down Syndrome AND behavioral dispositions, such as depression (Coates, Mahaffie, and Hines 180). Behavioral dispositions are another thin line to draw, because I wouldnt consider them life-threatening or necessarily harmful. My diagnosed depression has made me who I am today and I can t imagine not having that behavioral disposition, but others with anxiety, attention deficit disorder, and more, may find it a huge impairment to their life. To examine the ethics of genetic enhancement is to examine the issues with genetic engineering and decide for ones self whether those issues are ethically incorrect. Dov Fox introduces a study in his article that 70% of American respondents disapprove of the use of safe technologies to select for non-disease traits in human offspring, so there is clearly some widespread issues preventing support for genetic enhancement (Fox 174). First of all, genetic modifications will be expensive and unequally distributed. This gives additional advantages to the rich and further disadvantages the poor, widening the gap between the rich and poor to an insurmountable division (Phillips 119). Some argue that this is not so different from the expensive and currently widely accepted environmental enhancements like college test preparation and private musical training (Fox 175). I argue that these environmental enhancements are increasingly less expensive and available to all through school systems, soc ial services, and mentors. The financial gap for genetic enhancement, on the other hand, would be hard to close. This issue is lesser in genetic treatment because treatment for disease already is known to be expensive. Those with permanently ill or diseased children must pay large sums for treatment, so genetic technology does not change that factor. An important question raised is whether those who would attempt to enhance human abilities by genetic modification should be trusted with that power. A very elite group of geneticists would suddenly be the shapers of humanity. There has to be some estimate or criteria of virtue and wisdom one would require to even want to be put in this demanding, high-stress position (Phillips 119). The issue of personal identity arises commonly in discussing bioethics. Genetically modified individuals would be de-natured, and their capacities to pursue the truth, build relationships, and preserve their health would be obstructed (Murphy 196). Ones knowledge of having emerged from someone elses design would lead to feelings of genetic confinement as well. Genetically modified people may be confined to a project or pursuit they may have little passion about, or they may not consider themselves as free to shape their dominant values and ends. Some argue that this is irrelevant because its not like the child could have chosen for themselves who or what they wanted to be (Fox 176), but that is a weak argument. Many designed children would have severe conflict with religious beliefs and being created in the image of God for his purposes. Others may have nonreligious issues with destiny and self-discovery that was altered by their parents choices. Still others argue that the personal identity crisis can be avoided by way of fertility clinicians advising parents to not disclose the genetic enhancement to their children, so the children never know (Fox 176). That proposed solution encourages lying to children, which could lead to not only confusion and pain for the children, but a lifetime of deep burden for parents to bear. Human bodies are furthermore like the product of an engineering genius- each one a delicately balanced, completed, well-functioning masterpiece. There is no evidence that these delicately integrated natural bodily powers will take kindly to such impositions (Powell and Buchanan 7). After all, like that familiar car, whose design shows the touch of an intelligent maker, so are the systems built into living creatures also wonders of design (Richards 103). Humans are not just animals that respond instinctively to our appetites. We are actual objective beings capable of perceiving how things ought to be and conforming ourselves to that reality (Phillips 115). It is a shame to take intricate beings and discuss or treat them as non-complex objects meant to be controlled and manipulated. Talents and abilities are sometimes personified as a natural lottery, with those not born with many talents or abilities as victims of the natural lottery. In this frame of mind, using genetic engineering to raise intelligence or increase talents of these victims would be to compensate for their lack of luck in the natural lottery (Holtug 139). Some also suggest that as long as individuals have the choice of whether- and how- to use genetic technologies, then its okay (Sparrow 32). However, the individuals that are making the choices of how to use the genetic technologies are making it for their children, so the decision is not that of the child itself, its the decision of the parents. And in that case, genetic technologies are not ethical, period. An issues arises in the invasion of the mothers body and the risks associated with her compared to the benefits of the child (Hammond 165). Its easy to consider treatment cases of little invasion and great benefit as ethical, but it gets tricky when the procedure is highly-invasive to the mother yet there are clear benefits for the child. A woman may prefer to avoid pain, inconvenience, expense and risks of a medical procedure as well as the emotional ordeal of undergoing a procedure. This may compromise her moral, religious or superstitious beliefs as well, which could cause her long-term suffering and adversely affect her relationship with her child (Hammond 166). This tough conflict between mother and child risks and benefits would have to be evaluated case by case for ethical solutions. Those who favor genetic enhancements provide some disturbing reasons and opinions. Some claim that parents are morally obliged to pursue enhancements or to produce the best children possible (Sparrow 33). Yes, these are common expectations regarding parenting, but to incorporate gene therapy as part of these expectations is taking it to the next level, especially when gene therapy is still very new and very risky. Furthermore, some pessimists worry about elders being warehoused in communities or homes for the genetically impaired (Coates, Mahaffie, and Hines 180). Even the consideration of labeling those born naturally and unique without genetic modification as genetically impaired is disturbing. Genetic enhancement can be classified as behavioral or physical. Physical enhancement is not ethical in that each person was created the way they are for a reason. If it becomes possible to genetically modify height, eye color, and more, then humans will become more and more alike. Individuality will ultimately be completely eliminated and mankind truly will become robots, living in uniform. For those who believe that people with physical inferior qualities have a disadvantage because they are looked down upon, the proposed solution should focus on social engineering to teach people to be less judgmental and less biased as opposed to genetic engineering. Behavioral enhancement, first of all, does not seem possible. Its claimed that by taking genes from two honest parents, the offspring would be honest. Honesty, trustworthiness, kindness- all these traits that are considered in genetic enhancement- are not chromosomes that are installed into people. They are traits that a human develops over time and based on their surrounding. If people want children to develop these outstanding characteristics, genetic intervention is not the answer. The answer is again social engineering- teaching children to develop these traits through discipline and example (Walker 90). The concern with social engineering is that it would take a long time to see change (Holtug 140). Genetic engineering, however, is also going to take a while with many, many more risks and down sides. Genetic engineering only affects those people who can afford it while social engineering goes viral and is free to all. Scientists spending all this time and resources on genetic engineering could instead study how humans best respond to learning social responsibilities and then implementing effective curriculum into schools, organizations, and families. After all, if social engineering is improved upon, these traits will be passed to future generations through parenting in the most natural, nurturing way. An overview of genetic engineering displays many useful, practical techniques to improve upon aspects of this earth. When it comes to human genetic modification, however, there must be a clear establishment between treatment and enhancement and individuals must stand up against enhancement and instead encourage and practice positive social engineering.

Frederick Douglass :: essays research papers

Frederick Douglass once said, "there can be no freedom without education." I believe this statement is true. During slavery, slaves were kept illiterate so they would not rebel and become free. Many slaves were stripped from their families at an early age so they would have no sense of compassion towards family members. Some slaves escaped the brutal and harsh life of slavery, most who were uneducated. But can there be any real freedom without education? Freedom is something many slaves never had the opportunity to witness. They were simply uneducated, illiterate machines who did whatever they were told. But few fortunate slaves were given the gift to be educated by someone. One of these fortunate persons was named Frederick Douglass. Douglass was born a slave. He never had the chance of knowing his mother. As mentioned before, slaves were stripped from their families, leaving them no sense of compassion. In the book, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, Douglass says, "Never having enjoyed, to any considerable extent, her soothing presence, her tender and watchful care, I received the tidings of her death with much of the same emotions I should have probably felt at the death of a stranger."(2) Douglass secretly met with his mother about 4 times during his whole life. He said he never really got to know her being he was only a child and the never had much of a conversation. These sorts of incidents happene d to slaves throughout America and permanently scarred most slaves and their families. Slave owners not only broke slave families up, but they also tried to keep all the slaves illiterate. In the book slave owners thought, "A nigger should know nothing but to obey his master-to do as he is told to do. Learning would spoil the best nigger in the world. If you teach a slave how to read, they would become unmangeable and have no value to his master." Masters thought that if a slave became literate then they would rebel and get other slaves to follow them. Also masters lied to slaves saying learning would do them no good, only harm them. They tried using that reverse psychology to make it seem like what they were doing was right.

A Studentss Guide to First-Year Writing Essays -- Personal Narrative

A Students's Guide to First-Year Writing My Literacy in America Gloomy. That’s how I remember my year of kindergarten. It may not have been quite as dim as my memory shows, but my fear darkened that phase. I am not quite sure how my age affected my perception of things, but my first memories of this country I don’t regard as pleasant. If I had come to the United States as an infant, I would have been better off. Not only because infants don’t communicate using words, but also because my stage in literacy did not coincide with my peers’. As a five-year-old, most of us have already learned to speak. I was five, just like all the other children, and I spoke as the other children did, but I spoke Portuguese and my classmates spoke English. In essence, I was racing with time. Although my age blinded my insight toward the race, I was trying to catch up to my peers in that I had to learn to speak, as well as follow the new things taught to us in kindergarten. Though the objectives in kindergarten are nothing native English speakers would consider challenging, for me the word â€Å"nap† stood as an obstacle! My first day is as clear as a sliding glass door. I walked into the classroom hesitantly, frightened of what the new surroundings would entail. At first the other children didn’t notice my differences because my physical appearance differed only slightly from my new classmates’. But it wasn’t long until they discovered the new addition to the class. The American kindergarteners formed a circle around me. To them, I must have been this neat new kid who came from a whole other continent. For me, they were attackers, and their weapon was the tongue. I cringed at every foreign word shot at me. How could they be so... ...lways pictured it as a task to accomplish so that I could fit in with my colleagues. After the death of my uncle, because the language was a connection to him, I found myself using the language to provide a link to him. As I progressed from grade school to higher education, I realized that I had grown to like reading and writing. I often listened to the complaints of assignments from my peers, and I could rarely identify with them. "I think this paper is going to be fun"; don’t be caught dead saying that out loud! At this stage in my life I find enjoyment in having time to convey my emotions on paper out of free will. I can’t imagine how I would feel if a sudden lapse appeared in my schedule and I could read for my own gratification. I would go ballistic! Since these incidents are highly unlikely, I will be content in polishing my skills through schoolwork.

Friends or Lovers :: Love Letters Dating Email Relationships

Dear Chase, I'm not quite sure where to begin; I know this past week has been a mess, both our faults, I'm not just directing it towards you. I have had ten million things running through my mind the past few days, and I am going to try and get a few of them out right now. For one, I do cherish your friendship, like I said in one of my messages, you and I have shared things and conversations about our lives, our families that I would never with anyone else. The main reason for that is because I trust you, and you listen to me, as I do to you. I can say that I have had some of the most wonderful times with you that I have ever had in my entire life. I had told you before that when you talk I hold onto every word that comes out of your mouth and it's like they are engraved in the back of my mind forever. I don't know why you have that affect on me; maybe it's the fact that we have become such good friends. To be quite honest with you, I don't trust people very easily as you very well know, and I could probably say the same for you. I think that is why I did let that wall down and let you into my life and my heart, because I felt safe. Let me ask you, why do I feel like building it back up? Let me explain what I want in my life. I want someone to share my laughter and my fears, someone to listen and be there when I feel like the world is crashing down on me. I want to give that same courtesy back to them in return. I don't want someone standing at my door waiting for me to get home, or around constantly, because that drives me absolutely crazy. I do think that since you and I have spent so much time together that I have become a little dependant on you, and wanting to talk to you. That doesn't necessarily mean seeing you every day, or a three-hour phone call, but just the reassurance to know that you are in fact still there. Is that too much for you? It sometimes feels like you only call when you know I am upset because you haven't called. You hardly ever call just because you want to.

Imperialism Dbq Ap European History Essay

Between the period from 1880 to 1914, European powers went after overseas empires in Africa. The governments and political leaders of the European powers believed that this colonization of the African empires was necessary to maintain their global influence. A second group of people supposed that African colonization was the result of the greedy Capitalists who only cared for new resources and markets. The third group of people claimed it to be their job to enlighten and educate the uncivilized people of Africa. Although the political leaders of European powers encouraged colonization of African empires to advance their nation’s global influence, others argued that it was only for the profiteering of the Capitalists who sought new resources and markets from Africa and those who benefited from colonization argued that these actions were necessary in order to civilize the African people. European heads of states or Political leaders promoted the Colonization of Africa to encourage greater influence of the European nation around the world. In his speech to the House of Commons in February of 1876, Benjamin Disraeli, British Prime Minister, argued that the purchase of the Suez Canal would indeed strengthen the empire (Document 2). Disraeli would obviously encourage colonization in order to increase his term in order to increase his political influence. Prince Leopold, heir to the throne of Belgium and future king, also said that the acquisition of African colonies would be â€Å"the opportunity to prove to the world that Belgians also are an imperial people capable of dominating and enlightening others† (Document 1). This shows the pressure of less powerful European powers, such as Belgium, to acquire colonies to advance their global influence. Leopold held these views because the more strong European powers had colonized. In 1903, French Diplomat Eugene-Melchoir de Vogue repeated this belief in, The Master of the Sea, when he wrote â€Å"What used to be a European balance of power is now a world balance of power†¦ and any country that does not wish to become less important must obtain as much relatively as our rivals are doing† (Document 10). Archibald Philip Primrose, Lord Rosebery, wrote, in his letter to the London Times, that colonies are essential to the nations survival. â€Å"Health of mind and body exalt a nation in the competition of the universe† (Document 8). These political leaders believed that colonization was  necessary to keep the nation’s global influence. African colonization obviously offered new wealth sources, such as markets and resources, to the European nations; however, many people doubted the ethicality of the act. In his speech in 1888, Joseph Chamberlain, British industrialist, politician and reformer, clearly argues that colonization is incredibly necessary to the British nation. He believes that the British Isles could not last for a single day without the natural markets for trade provided by the African colonies (Document 4). However, since he is an industrialist, Chamberlains goal is to increase his own wealth along with his countries, therefore, this argument could be distorted. Cecil Rhodes, British imperialist, easily revealed his thoughts on Imperialism when he said â€Å"Philanthropy is good, but philanthropy at 5 percent is even better† in a speech at the chartering of the British South Africa Company in 1889 (Document 5). William Clark disagreed with imperialist in a Progressive Review in 1879. His opinion was that the financers who hope to gain profit use Jameson, a â€Å"British military officer who led an unsuccessful raid into Boer controlled territory in Southern Africa,† as a tool (Document 7). Similarly, the Resolution of the German Social Democratic Party Congress argued that â€Å"World and colonial policy is pursued for the purpose of capitalist exploitation and for displaying military force†¦ [I]t corresponds first and foremost to the greedy desire of the bourgeoisie for new opportunities† (Document 9). This party rejected their greedy desire. A third group of people believed that Imperialism gave the opportunity to civilize the barbaric people from the African colonies. Rudyard Kipling’s â€Å"The White Man’s Burden† expresses their duty to do so. Prince Leopold, heir to the throne of Belgium and future king said â€Å"let us see where there are unoccupied lands†¦ where are to be found peoples to civilize, to lead to progress in every sense† (Document 1). Martial Henri Merlin, governor general of French Equatorial Africa announced that â€Å"We [France] went there by virtue of the right of a civilized, fully developed race to occupy territories which have been left fallow by backward peoples who are plunged into barbarism† (Document 11). Therefore, the Age of Imperialism made the European nations consider the advantages and disadvantages of African colonization. Political leaders of European powers encouraged the colonization of Africa to increase their nation’s global influence. Others argued that it was only for the profiteering of the Capitalists who wanted new resources and markets from African colonies. Lastly, those who benefited from the colonization of Africa argued that these actions were necessary to civilize the barbaric African people as expressed in Rudyard Kipling’s â€Å"The White Man’s Burden.†

Respectable Citizens: Gender, Family and Unemployment

Respectable Citizens: Gender, Family and Unemployment in Ontario’s Great Depression By Lara Campbell – A Review Lara Campbell’s, professor of history at Simon Frasier University, book Respectable Citizens: Gender, Family and Unemployment in Ontario’s Great Depression (published in 2009) provides a thoroughly researched look at an often looked over topic in regards to the Great Depression; gender. Her beginning introductory chapter sets the focus of this book and she takes time to consider the strengths and weaknesses of her thoroughly used sources.This overview of the book provides the reader with a well formatted look into her topics of discussion; namely the aspects of the welfare state, labour, and gender identity and understanding. Campbell divides her book into five primary chapters; each of which discuss a variety of issues and themes supplemented thoroughly with examples of accounts. Chapter one demonstrates the vital role which women, particularly as mothers, played within the home in order to ensure economic survival. Additionally, this chapter discusses the influence and importance of society’s view of just what a â€Å"good wife/mother† was including class differences.Survival through domestic work (e. g. nutrition, clothing, keeping house, budgeting) and informal labour (e. g. taking in laundry, sewing, prostitution, taking boarders) served as staples for women and mothers alike during this era. Campbell also discusses and provides insights on the matters of single motherhood, employed married women – who were largely subject to public ire for taking the jobs of men especially if their husband also had a job– and women deserting their families. This chapter, much like the second focuses on the roles, duties and expectations placed upon women and men in regards to their families.Chapter two continues on such topic with its focus being on men. This particular chapter demonstrates the stresses pla ced upon the family as men — the quinticental â€Å"bread-winners† — were increasingly unable to fill their role and were forced to endure searches for work and resulted in demands of social entitlement. Campbell spends particular attention to the humiliation of men in accepting relief money and as well as the concept of being unable to provide and fill their role as husbands and fathers leading to suicide.Chapter three canvases the contributions and involvements of the youth with their families through, primarily, informal and formal labour along with theft and black market dealings. It can be seen in this chapter the weighting of school against economic need; many for going schooling due to lack of clothing, supplies and duty to the family. As the chapter progresses Campbell demonstrates the requirements placed upon the sons and daughters even as they reached adulthood and the conflicts it generated between parent and child through the various acts employed by the state (e. . Parents Maintenance Act). The subject of illegitimate children and abortions is also discussed as Campbell portrays the effect the Depression had upon marriage rates. Chapters four and five, much like chapters one and two, share similarities in their subject matter; both chapters discuss protect, state policy and provision at length. In chapter four Campbell focuses on the stresses and their effects on both men and women in the home, including domestic abuse, and towards the state (e. g. eviction protests, meetings and political mobilization).Chapter five builds on the themes of protests toward the state and the variables of such things as gender (largely traditional in nature), ethnicity and class that shaped such matters like child welfare and rightful claims. By large Campbell explores the identity of Canadians during the Great Depression through gender and family. She depicts and discusses the traditional notions of the â€Å"Bread-Winner† husband and the â€Å"Good† wife and mother; both characters that provide and sustain the families in vital ways and the reflection the trials of the era presented such â€Å"Respectable Citizens† with.The main method of asserting these notions being through her extensive use of accounts from government documents, court records, newspapers, memoirs, plays, and interviews with women and men who lived in Ontario during the 1930s. Campbell’s focus on the hardships faced during the economic crisis allows for one to neatly achieve insight into the gendered dynamics that took place within the families of Ontario’s lives. She draws less so on the notion of Canadian â€Å"Britishness† but more so on how such a foundation influenced the actions of the people in what was to be perceived as the fundamental aspects of the man and women of the house.Campbell’s focus on the family-sphere demonstrates not only aspects of class structure and gender norms but the stateâ₠¬â„¢s view on them. She reports that often mothers were the unsung heads of house that not only fed, cleaned, clothed and nurtured but took stock of every item and ensured that every penny eared or received was used to its full capacity (this aspect being the chief discussion topic in chapter one). Additionally, she presents the societal view of class standards of women as the consumers of society.Poor or low class women often lectured on the supposed simplicities of keeping house and, perhaps famously, â€Å"making do†, while the middle to high class women were reportedly encouraged to spend what money was available to them for the purpose of keeping the Canadian market going as opposed to their counterparts who praised for â€Å"making a dollar do the work of five† (as praised by the father of Mary Cleevson about his wife on page 26 of Campbell’s book). Campbell also goes into detail of the effectiveness of the various acts put in place during the 1930s to sup plement earnings and the survivability of a family.These entitlements, while for a number of men were seen as humiliating to receive as it was a show against their ability to provide , served to identify that which adult (primarily parents) were entitled too by virtue of some nature of service. The Parent’s Maintenance Act is a good example of this; a parent or set of parents were able to call upon the court and demand payment due to them from their adult children under the basis that their sons and daughters owed a debt to them simply for being their parents.There were of course, as Campbell does not fail to provide examples for, cases in which the adult children were unable to pay due to personal circumstance or out of refusal by way of seeing their parent (particular the father) as lazy—such as the mentioned case of 52 year old Harry Bartram in June of 1937 who was denied by one of his three sons the five dollar weekly payment under such a claim (as seen on page 98 of Respectable Citizens). Finally, Campbell’s demonstrates the somewhat charming penchant Canadians appear to have for complaining.Within the chapters of Respectable Citizens one is shown various instances in which wives and mothers of all sorts take the community’s moral fiber into their own hands through acts such as calling the police on those suspected of prostitution, theft and selling on the black market and sending letters to the Primers of Ontario of the time George Henry (1930-34) and Mitchell Hepburn (1934-42) of the hardships that must face. It is this activism that becomes a part of the identity that builds into eviction protests, meetings and committees and political mobilization.Lara Campbell’s book contributes to the understanding of Canadian history and identity of the affectionately named â€Å"Dirty Thirties† by taking the opportunity to look past the issues of hunger and job loss alone and onto the people more specifically. While she do es take time to emphasize the job loss and economic crisis of the decade, she applies those factors in making an effort to comprehend society’s reaction and how that reaction reflects upon gender roles and family.This analysis clearly reveals aspects of the Canadian welfare state through well-developed topics and examples, providing a comfortable read for any who should chose to read this book. The discussion of state policy, relief efforts, labour and social movements as well as they altered family dynamic of the era allows for a clear understanding on a human level. Bibliography Campbell, Lara. Respectable Citzens: Gender, Family and Unemployment in Ontario’s Great Depression. (University of Toronto Press: 2009).

The Design Factors in a Modern Living or Working Space

The Design Factors in a Modern Living or Working Space Executive sum-up The purpose of this study is to sketch the factors which should be taken into history in the design of a modern life or working infinite. The study discusses three factors related to design of an ideal office, Specifically Environmental, Affective and Practical factors. The study gives a figure of recommendations, the chief 1s being:Allow natural air flow by utilizing a cross airing system to make a fresh ambiance.Decorate the office with Blue and Green colour to make a pleasant and productive ambiance.Use fluorescent visible radiations to make natural, warm or daylight colorss of visible radiation to cut down oculus fatigue and concern jobs.Tables of ContentssPage No.1.0Introduction42.0Design factors42.0.1Environmental factors42.0.2Affectional factors42.0.3Practical factors52.1Planing an ideal office52.1.1Environmental factors in an office design52.1.2Affectional factors in an office design52.1.3Practical factors in an office design63.0Decision64.0Recommendation65.0Reference List8In troductionThe intent of this study is to sketch the factors which should be taken into history in the design of a modern life or working infinite, and to give recommendations sing the ideal design of an office. It is written for Mr James Scott as portion of the Academic English class demands. The information was acquired through cyberspace research and group treatment. First, the study outlines the general factors related to design of a modern life or working infinite. Following, these factors are applied to the ideal design of an office. Subsequent to this, a decision is given followed by clear recommendations. 2.0 Design factors There are three factors to take into history when planing a modern life or work infinite, Specifically Environmental, Affective and Practical considerations. 2.0.1 Environmental factors Environmental factors relate to utilize of natural resource and the decrease of cost through the usage of renewable energy beginnings. The ways to make this involve, First, by utilizing a cross airing design to maintain populating country cool, fresh and healthy. Second, by put ining Windowss and doors on the E and west side, maximal natural visible radiation can be utilized. Third, by put ining solar panel and photo-voltaic system, electricity can be generated for different intents and its C free energy ( Seminara, 2014 ) . Hence, the usage of natural resource in modern life or working infinite reduces pollution and energy ingestion. 2.0.2 Affectional factors Affectional factors are to make with interior design and ornament of life or working infinite that affect people’s temper and attitudes. Harmonizing to Sanders ( 2014 ) , agreement of accoutrements and furniture affect the human tempers. For case, by maintaining a little tabular array with cheerful and colorful flowers and cosmetic container next to imbibe coaster can elate temper and create pleasant and friendly environment. Furthermore, adorning infinite with bright colorss and LED rope light gives energy and relaxation ( Taylor, 2013 ) . To reason, interior design and ornament of life and working can make a more comfy infinite. 2.0.3 Practical factors Practical factors in design are concerned with the wellness of worlds. It includes facets such as organic stuffs and comfy chairs and desks. In order to cut down toxic gases in life or working infinite, organic stuffs should be used such as wood, wool, slate, cotton and gorgeous fabrics ( Gibson, 2013 ) . Furthermore, ergonomic chairs and desks should be used which gives relaxation and comfy feeling. Harmonizing to Aulenback ( 2013 ) , proper accommodation of chair, desk dimensions and tallness of proctor can cut down back hurts and wellness hazard of employees. In short, use ergonomic equipment and organic stuffs in modern design of life or working infinite is an of import. 2.1 Planing an ideal office Having outlined the above factors associating to general design, it is now necessary to use them to the design of an office. 2.1.1 Environmental factors in an office design Environmental factors in an office include energy decrease and natural airing. Sing energy decrease, energy ingestion can be reduced by utilizing sunshine in the office environment, this impacting positive productiveness and the moral of employees ( Rayfield, 1997 ) . Equally far as natural airing is concerned, a cross airing system would let natural air flow throughout the office and corridors making a fresh ambiance in the office ( Goodell, 2010 ) . In short, low energy use and natural airing would ensue in an eco-friendly office taking to increase productiveness. 2.1.2 Affectional factors in an office design Affectional factors in an office design would affect the usage of appropriate colorss and an interior furniture design that positively affects the temper, emphasis degrees and behavior of workers. Sing colorss, the office could include bluish and green, the Blue and Green colour excite the heads of employees ( Akkan Design, 2014 ) . Refering interior furniture design, work can be performed in an efficient and originative mode when unit of ammunition shaped furniture is used. This is confirmed by a 2013 survey demoing that when employees were seated at a curving form desk they were more likely to prosecute in meeting. ( Australian authorities Comcare, 2002 ) . In decision, appropriate colorss and interior furniture design of an office creates a pleasant and productive ambiance. 2.1.3 Practical factors in an office design Practical factors in an office design would include lighting and equipment, such as chairs and desks which affect the wellness of workers. Refering lighting, usage of fluorescent tubings in the office would supply different qualities of visible radiation, such as natural, warm or daylight coloring material. By utilizing these, eyes fatigue and concern jobs can be reduced ( Hawary, 2011 ) . Sing desk design, a desk should hold a smooth and level surface, rounded corners and good entree for the user’s legs. In add-on, chairs should hold different maps such as accommodation of tallness, turn overing wheels and back joust to cut down back hurting job ( National Occupational Commission, 2011 ) . Hence, proper lighting and comfy chairs and desks are required to cut down wellness jobs.DecisionThis study has outlined the factors associating to the design of a working or populating infinite, Specifically Environmental, Affective and Practical facets. It has besides discussed the applic ation of these factors in the ideal design of an office. 4.0 Recommendation Having discussed the factors involved in planing a life or working infinite, Specifically Environmental, Affective and Practical factors. The undermentioned recommendations are given for the design of an ideal office. Environmental factorsInstall windows on the West and east side to let sunshine into the office.Allow natural air flow by utilizing a cross airing system to make a fresh ambiance.Affectional factorsDecorate the office with Blue and Green colour to make a pleasant and productive ambiance.Make a pleasant and friendly environment by maintaining cosmetic container on desk.Practical factorsUse fluorescent visible radiations to make natural, warm or daylight colorss of visible radiation to cut down oculus fatigue and concern jobs.Fit comfy desks which have smooth and level surfaces and good entree for user’s legs.Provide chairs with different maps, such as back joust, turn overing wheels and accommodation of tallness to cut down back hurting job.Reference ListAkkan Design. ( 2014 ) . How Color Affects Mood in Office and Interior Design. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.akkan.com.au/index.php/Blogs/How-Colour-Affects-Mood-in-Office-and-Interior-Design Aulenback, S. ( 2013 ) . 6 Ways to contend weariness while utilizing your standing desk. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //deskhacks.com/reduce-standing-desk-fatigue/ Australian Government Comcare. ( 2002 ) . Officewise. ISBN 1 921160 17 9 Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.comcare.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/39570/Officewise_OHS1_Apr_10.pdf Gibson, R. ( 2013 ) . 10 Contemporary Elementss that Every Home demands. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //freshome.com/2013/09/30/10-contemporary-elements-that-every-home-interior-needs/ Goodell, l. ( 2010 ) . How to Make a Productive Office Environment. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.inc.com/guides/2010/05/create-productive-office-environment.html Hawary, S. ( 2011 ) . Lighting rules in interior design of direction infinites. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.academia.edu/1746322/lighting_principles_in_interior_design_of_managment_spaces National Occupational Health and Safety Commission. ( 2011 ) . Ergonomic Principles and Checklists for the Selection of Office Furniture and Equipment. ISBN 0 644 24516 6 Rayfield, J. K. ( 1997 ) . The office Interior Design Guide. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.books.google.com.au Drum sanders, A. ( 2014 ) . How Does Room Decoration Affect Mood? Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ehow.com/how-does_4744309_room-decoration-affect-mood.html Seminara, D. ( 2014 ) . Eco Housing Design. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dsarchitecture.com.au/eco-housing-principles.html Taylor, J. ( n.d ) . 8 Ways to Get Ambient Lighting. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.houzz.com/ideabooks/6794787/list/8-ways-to-get-ambient-lighting-just-right

Human Rights or Technology? Essay

In today’s highly technological world everyone wants the latest and greatest gizmo on the market. Companies like Apple, want to make as much money as possible. With both Apple and society being held responsible for the outrageous working conditions in the factories in China workers can be treated more like people. In the article â€Å"In China, Human Costs are Built into an iPad,† Charles Duhigg and David Barboza argue that Apple and society are responsible for the repugnant conditions in China. In this article, the authors use facts, personal experience and a story about a worker from one of Apple’s factories, making the article more interesting and personal to the reader. Giving personal background brings you into the story. The article not only discusses the working conditions, but also discusses the living conditions. Without giving specific examples, Apple and society need to take a closer look and be held responsible for the horrendous conditions in China. In an essay written by Namit Arora, he discusses his own experience about his socioeconomic status. Arora writes that maybe it was not due to his hard work, but that he was in the right place at the right time. Arora describes different types of economic justice and makes the reader think about what we deserve. Do you deserve to have everything handed to you because you come from a rich family or should your hard and diligent work give you that reward; this is the very topic of Arora’s essay. The connection between the article written by Duhigg and Barboza with that of Arora is that of basic rights as a human being. If the rich are made richer in turn makes the poor become poorer. No matter what we do there really will never be a truly fair or just way to distribute an economy. There will always be those that fell their not being treated fairly even if everything is spoon fed to them, there just needs to be more balance to our current systems. Arora’s essay talks about those that are born with natural abilities from a moral standpoint is the same as those that have silver spoons in their mouths. Arora also discusses the â€Å"Difference Principle† which deals with this natural lottery. First off, Duhigg and Barboza discuss what we as consumers want. â€Å"Customers want amazing new electronics delivered every year.† (Duhigg and Barboza) This means the customers don’t care about how the products are made or who is hurt during the manufacturing process. During the course of the interviews Duhigg and Barboza conducted, a former worker told them that Apple did not care about anything except making more products and lowering costs to make those items. People who buy these products are blinded by the technology bug. If consumers did not want the latest and greatest phones or other electronic devices, there would not be as high of a need to for Apple to find the cheapest suppliers. Working conditions are not the only issues for the workers in these factories. The living conditions in China are horrific-there are more people living in their apartments then is safe by any standard. There were numerous people committing suicide due to the conditions at the factories. Apple is one of the most sought after brands. So if Apple were to make some changes it could make significant strides at reducing the working and living issues in China. If society were to inquire about how the workers are being treated this could also lead to changes being made in favor of the employees. Apple would be more likely to actually take action correct these substandard conditions, since no company wants their dirty laundry to be aired outside the company. Second, as discussed by Duhigg and Barboza, Apple is trying to make things better, but people would still be disgusted with what was seen. Duhigg and Barboza write that these devices are produced in substandard labor conditions, which is according to workers, worker advocates and reports published by companies themselves. There are underage workers and in many cases earn little to no money at all. In today’s society we need to take a round turn and prevent these children and other workers not get used and abused. Although Apple says it is trying to make things better there has been former workers say â€Å"finding new suppliers is time-consuming and costly,† Duhigg and Barboza report. Since Apple is an American based company the standards of the United States should be imposed on not just Apple, but any company that try to exploit these lower standards of other countries. As with society, we need to stop thinking of the things we want, but how and who is affected by making these products. If a company knows about issues but does nothing to correct those issues before someone were to get hurt they are just as responsible if not more responsible because something could have been done to prevent those injuries. â€Å"Apple had been alerted to hazardous conditions inside the Chengdu plan.† (Duhigg and Barboza) This shows that Apple is aware of conditions at their supplier but are taking no actions because as long as Apple gets its products the injuries of workers are none of their concern. Apple workers need to not only have better working conditions but also have better living conditions. This is not due to the fact that Apple has the money to pay their workers more; it’s actually due to the fact that the workers are human beings and should be compensated better. As well as having living conditions that are safer and healthier. The opportunity costs in China are significantly lower in China. The workers in China are willing to earn pennies on the dollar. From Apple’s standpoint it just makes sense to have their factory in China, instead of the United States. Apple has become one of the largest companies in their field due to these countries with lower standards. Even though Apple may make it seem like these conditions are not approved of, they would not be the electronic power house they are today. Arora discusses people may lack opportunity due to their lower or social economic status. In China the lack of opportunity does not play as much as it does in the U.S., since a company in China hires workers of almost any age. The downfall for those workers is getting treated as less than a human being as more like part of a machine. This is just morally wrong, for Apple to just turn a blind eye to these conditions. If Apple really cared these conditions could be better. The conditions may not be up to the standards of the U.S. but these people could actually be treated like a person. Due to the lower economy of China and the low opportunity cost, these two go hand-in-hand. Apple is taking all the risk and should be compensated for their risks. Even if we try to uphold higher standards there really is not much which can be done. No matter how much we try there will always be a country that has lower standards and cheaper workers; companies will just go to those places which makes profits the highest. To conclude, society as a whole needs to change our mind set from not caring how we get our products towards caring about how the products we buy are produced. As far as Apple goes, Apple needs to be held responsible not only for how the products are produced, but also how the workers making their products are being treated. Works Cited Arora, Namit â€Å"What Do We Deserve?† Emerging Contemporary Readings for Writers Composition Subjects Ed. Barclay Barrios. Bedford/St. Martins, 2010, 87-91. Book. Duhigg, Charles, and Barboza, David â€Å"In China, Human Costs are Built Into an iPad† The New York Times, 25 Jan. 2012. Editorial.

EVALUATE THE MAIN EU REGULATORY REACTIONS TO THE FINANCIAL CRISIS Essay

EVALUATE THE MAIN EU REGULATORY REACTIONS TO THE FINANCIAL CRISIS INCLUDING THE CHANGES TO THE EU REGULATORY PROCESS FOR FINANCIAL SERVICES - Essay Example Evidently, the financial crisis began in the second quarter of 2006 in United States. To this end, there were significant losses registered banks in United States as a result of sub primal foreclosures of mortgages (Chrisdoulaki, 2010). Consequently, since the mega banks in European Union and United States were operating under business models which were similar, the financial distress facing the United States were replicated in the European Union. To this end, the mega banks located on both the European Union and United States suffered from under-capitalization and insufficient liquidity reserves. Evidently, the financial regulations of the European Union are carried out at the continental level as well as within the individual countries. The European regulatory response to the crisis was significantly slower to that of the United States. The onset of the decline in profits within the United States was immediately reflected by a similar decline in profits by E.U banks (Clark, Feldman , & Gertler, 2000). The German government and regulators in the finance industry requested the European Commission to bail them out within six months after the crisis began. The bail out of 9 billion Euros was granted and was directed at the IKB German Bank (Grote, & Marauhn, 2006). Furthermore, the governments of other member countries of the European Union pumped in capital within their financial institutions. Examples included the Northern Rock bank located in the United Kingdom. The fast pace of the spread of the financial crisis was not unexpected since most of the securitized United States debt was originated for distribution to European investors and institutions. To this end, the financial crisis that affected the European Union is blamed on the business model of â€Å"originate-to-distribute† that is synonymous with U.S banks (Mattoo & Sauve?, 2003). Evidently, the large international financial institution adopted this model which allowed the institutions to increase their lending power without disrupting the set capital standards by regulators. Moreover, this model created instruments such as credit default swaps, mortgages guaranteed by securities, and debt obligation that were collaterized (Ferran, 2012). In this regard, such instruments played a part in exploiting weaknesses evident in financial regulatory structures. In addition, under-written mortgages and securities, insufficient coordination within national regulatory bodies, and regulatory arbitrage by the regulators all played a role in undermining the regulatory structures (Smith, 2005). To this end, the challenge of identifying and enforcing effective measures in response to the financial crisis in the European Union has been slowed down since the financial regulations are normally carried out at the member country and European level ( Helleiner, Pagliari, & Zimmermann, 2010). In light of the financial crisis of 2007-2009, the subsequent sections will address the financial regulator y responses carried out by the European Union as well as changes to the EU regulatory process for financial services. Financial Regulatory Reform Plan by the European Union Following the financial crisis of 2007-2009, the European Parliament Committee for Economic and Monetary Affairs met on 21st July 2010. In this regard, they approved a version of The Dodd-Frank Act adopted by the United States. The new version would seek to improve the regulatory bodies for securities, pensions, insurance, and banking sectors. The Act would also have the authority to overrule national governments on pertinent issues. In addition, the plans by the

Why poverty should be more aware in schools Research Paper

Why poverty should be more aware in schools - Research Paper Example However, their impact varies from person to person. Sometimes people pass over this turmoil stricken stage with ease, but in some cases one observes juvenile delinquency. â€Å"In 1994, police reported about 500 violent youth crime arrests for every 100,000 10-17-olds in the population. Violent youth crime then fell sharply from 1994 through 2001, before rebounding somewhat through 2008.† (J.A. Butts par.4) There are several factors involved that trigger such impulsive behavior such as personal conflicts, competition, socio-economic issues. To minimize the probability of propagating juvenile delinquency among youth, it is important to provide them proper coaching, a healthy environment to develop and moral support. Studies show that children belonging to under privileged class are more prone to go astray, and get themselves involved in mischievous activities (Brooks-Gunn and Duncan 2000 p. 189). Therefore it may prove helpful to educate students about poverty and make them understand the hardship that is faced by their school fellows who do not enjoy the same economic background. â€Å"In terms of achievement, the risk for poor relative to non-poor children is 2.0 times as high for grade repetition and dropping out of high school, and 1.4 times as high for having a learning disability. For other conditions and outcomes, these risk ratios are: 1.3 timesas high for parent-reported emotional or behavior problems, 3.1 times as high for a teenage out of wedlock birth, 6.8 times as high for reported cases of child abuse and neglect, and 2.2 times as high for experiencing violent crime.† (Duncan and Brooks-Gunn 2000 p. 189) The only place where poor children get a chance to mingle with their rich counterparts is public schools or at most a playground. Apart from that these children spend most of their time in a much stressed environment. Poverty may not be a curse, but it is enriched in capacity to give birth to social evils. It is a driving force that

Deaf infants and development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Deaf infants and development - Essay Example (The Care of Infants and Young Children) Speech does not disappear, but voice gets a strange sounding, there is a intonation breach, stress breach, speech is quick, vocabulary is limited (lack of words that expresses abstract notions, only simple sentences are used) Everything mentioned above proves that hearing reduce negatively influences on the speech development. Besides we should take into consideration that we use different loudness while speaking: there are stressed and unstressed sounds in speech, voiceless consonants, etc. Among the different factors that impact the child’s speech we can outline: the degree of the hearing reduce – the worse a child hears, the worse he/she speaks; age of the speech breach – the earlier it happens the more difficult it is; conditions of the child’s growing – the results of bringing up are better if the child is treated in time; physical and psychological development. A negative impact has the limitation of the social contacts in infant’s age when a person should take the world through the sounds. The defected children require special treatment and control by the doctors and teachers. Though the sign systems have different meanings for socialization in different periods of childhood. Usually children use verbal, imaginary-moving and imaginary-graphical signs and socialize through the playing games. Role games, painting and drawing are very important for socializing children who have any kind of defects. All these kind of activity help to form imaginary thinking. (Dr. Eloise Murray) Bringing up the child with diminished hearing, parents should make a responsible choice – method of teaching. Besides the family climate is also very important for the social and cognitive development. The psychologists differentiate several types of relationship with a deaf child: understanding; â€Å"overcaring†; non-real treatment (parents treat their child as a healthy one); indifference(the most dangerous type of